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Reader Survey: Death Note's Misa Amane Takes The Psychopath Test

27/5/2016

4 Comments

 
Psycho Misa Amane Death Note manga
We invite readers to take The Psychopath Test for Death Note's Misa Amane.  Collectively we might determine whether Second Kira was indeed suffering from psychopathy - and causing victims in their hundreds of thousands to suffer too.

This is the actual twenty-point test devised in 1975 by Bob Hare in consultation with eighty-five of the best psychopathy specialists across the world.  It's the checklist by which you - or anybody - would be subjected in the real world, if a professional had cause to believe that you were a psychopath.

Are you game to complete it on her behalf?

Misa-Misa's Psychopath Test

For each point, you must provide a score: 0 = no match in this instance; 1 = partial match for Misa-Misa; 2 = perfectly describes Misa Amane

1 Glib and Superficial Charm Card carrying psychopaths tend to be charming, beguiling and blessed with a definite gift of the gab. They aren't at all shy nor self-conscious; the rules in social etiquette regarding what may be spoken, where and to whom, simply do not apply to these people. They have transceded social norms in conversation and other forms of speech. Psychopaths could charm the birds from the trees, but that easy engagement only goes skin-deep. They know how to play you, so they do.
2 Grandiose Self-Worth You may think they're wonderful, but that's nothing compared to their view of themselves. Psychopaths simply believe themselves superior in every way; head and shoulders above any other human being, and the only one who matters. Their arrogance dismisses the needs, concerns and ideals of others at a flick. Such things can't factor, if they run contrary to the divine wishes of the psychopath's own self.
3 Need for Stimulation or
Proneness to Boredom
A bored psychopath is a dangerous entity indeed; tedium is a state to be avoided at all costs for this seeming invulnerable character (at least as regard their own self-perception). Thril-seeking, novelty, risk-taking, stimulation of all natures and forms are part and parcel of the psychopath's day. They rarely undertake or else finish to completion any task deemed tedious. Their need for excitement and/or entertainment will trample over the needs of all else present.
4 Pathological Lying It's not so much that the psychopath has to lie, but that they see no reason not to, when it achieves an end faster than the truth. This includes all elements of craftiness, cunningness, clever tricks, misinformation, right the way through to actual manipulation.
5 Conning and Manipulativeness Linked to point four, but much more focused upon actions than verbal sleight of hand. Cheating or defraud others; acting deceitful, exploitative, callous through to ruthless; using every trick in the book to have their way, control the scene or otherwise indulge in personal gain. The psychopath doesn't factor in the feelings nor suffering of anyone else wandering into their vicinity and falling prey to their wiles.
6 Lack of Remorse or Guilt Dispassionate regard towards victims (and indeed all other people not otherwise at the focus of their attention) bordering upon utter disdain. These people don't matter, so why should our psychopath feel empathy, mercy or any concern for their pain and suffering?
7 Shallow Affect Though openly exhuberent, these emotions only go skin-deep. Under the surface, there's a general dirth of feelings. Where such exist, they're shallow and limited in scope. Those feelings extended towards others tend to be cold.
8 Callousness and
Lack of Empathy
Victims aside, there is a marked lack of emotional engagement or empathetic feeling towards any other person in general. The psychopath is not only cold, superior and arrogant, but can be downright tactless too.
9 Parasitic Lifestyle Responsibilities are something which happens to other people. The psychopath is adept in persuading others to complete their tasks for them, not to mention supporting them emotionally, financially and in whatever scheme they've lately devised to assuage their boredom. The psychopath likes EVERYONE'S lives to revolve around them.
10 Poor Behavioural Controls Psychopaths cannot control their outbursts in regard to irritability, impatience, boredom, annoyance, or simply general unhappiness in the present situation. This can take the form of endless whining; hasty actions; blame/condemnation of anyone present; demands; aggression; verbal abuse; emotional abuse; temper tantrums and/or threats.
11 Promiscuous Sexual Behavior A succession of one-night stands or short, superficially felt relationships is the hallmark of the psychopath's love-life. If married, they engage in affairs willy-nilly with no remorse attached, nor the understanding of why they should experience guilt. There may also be a history of coercion in sexual acivity or else indulging in kiss and tell stories to a grandiose scale.
12 Early Behavioural Problems Prior to the age of thirteen, our psychopath will already have exhibited several unsociable, cruel or otherwise criminal behavioural trends. These include, but are not limited to: cruelty to animals; bullying; vandalism; stealing; arson; alcohol/drug/glue abuse; running away from home; truancy from school etc.
13 Lack of Realistic,
Long-Term Goals
The psychopath may promise, brag and plan, but few of their apparent heartfelt goals will come to fruition. Half the time, they're only trying to impress their audience in the present with no intention of following those dreams through into reality. Where they do attempt to realise them, persistent failure awaits, as psychopathy doesn't allow for the stamina through routine and boring tasks needful to see most plans through to the end.
14 Impulsivity Psychopath see; psychopath do... or want, or must follow, or has to have a go. You know the routine. There is little in the way of planning, evaluation, reflection or anything else, when faced with the temptation of novelty, fun or something shiny-pretty. Psychopaths are known for their foolhardy, ill-considered, risk-taking and above all spontaneous endeavours.
15 Irresponsibility Debt collectors and other inconsequential people may hammer on the door all they like, psychopaths see no gain in honouring commitments like loan repayments or securing bills with direct debits and the like. Setting those up were well below the priority mark; somewhere in the 'never to be done unless done for me' section of worldly obligations. They will equally skip out of deals; renign on contracts; hand in sub-standard work; and personal promises were forgotten a second after makng them. Psychopaths also have terrible time-keeping, being habitually late or simply absent, even if their livelihoods or other key concerns reply upon it.
16 Failure to Accept Responsibility
for Own Actions
It's anybody's fault but their own! Psychopaths take blame culture to a whole new level - relentless on the point that all fault lies with somebody else, probably the person accusing or implying fault with the psychopath. Truth becomes selectively rendered, or value judgements applied haphazardly to elements within each scenario, and if all else fails, the psychopath will reimagine truth entirely being so aggressively emphatic on the veracity of this make-believe that others will start doubting the evidence of their own recollection.
17 Many Short-Term Marital Relationships The commitment inherent in long-term relationships means nothing to the psychopath. It's not so much that such conventions are ignored, as not seen as applicable to them in the first place.
18 Juvenile Delinquency Between the ages of 13-18, the childhood behavioural difficulties swing into whole new dimensions. Those prone to animal cruelty now don't stop at killing those poor creatures; bullies take their aggression into avenues that even the most lazy school administrations can't ignore; small scale arsonists are now burning down buildings etc. All unsociable actions of the psychopath are marked by callous, ruthless, exploitative, antagonistic regard.
19 Revocation of Conditional Release Softening factors in judicial punishments start to fall by the wayside, as violations like careless behaviour, failing to appear etc puts the psychopath in contempt. Probation will turn into incarceration; sentences will extend etc.
20 Criminal Versatility The psychopath takes great pride in not being pigeon-holed as any specific type of criminal. The greater the diversity, audacity, scope and everything else that can put them in a class of their own in any given criminal underworld, is what the psychopath pursues with glee. They will turn their hand to anything because, well, the law doesn't actually apply to them, does it? Or they're justified in this instance - new world orders to create and all that.
TOTAL
DIAGNOSIS Misa Amane
Now we just have to compare what every other Death Note fan concluded whilst taking the Psychopath Test for Misa Amane.

Enter your diagnosis here, then click 'see results' to check out the overall opinion of Death Note fan psychologists thus far:

polls

Posted as Part of

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Near's Cheating as Canon Truth Revealed Through Matsuda's Death Note Theory

3/4/2016

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Death Note Manga Near and Light
There's always been something a little off about events in the Yellow Box Warehouse, wherein was staged Death Note's climactic scenes.

It's all good drama nontheless.  We get Gevanni's sleight of hand with Death Notes performed like a stage magician's prestige; that breath-taking instant of Light's confession; the chaos and the shooting; a divine madman's soliloquy on the subject of justice; and Near's finest hour in the coldest put-down to ever deaden a burgeoning reality.

Not to mention the revelation of Mell0's final heroism, as martyr to the cause (inadvertently taking Matt with him), being more meaningful than hitherto suspected; and the crawling disbelief of Light, as the Kira veneer is stripped from him and we're all reminded that Ryuk was only ever here for the lulz.

Then death - a flashing ghost of glowing L, if this is the anime over manga - and everyone leaves to resume normality in a world, where the given order has long since been shaken to the core.  Global society now quickly recovering with a haste almost indecent enough to prove Kira right after all. 

And everyone lived happily ever after.

So - Run it by Us Again - How Did Death Note End?!  I Think We Missed a Bit...

Near L Mask Death Note
Except they didn't.  Do you know a single Death Note fan who hasn't at least questioned the unfolding narrative in that scene?

Attempting to follow Near's proof and logic from confrontation to conclusion; not only of the moment, but the whole story supposedly unravelling in evidence that leads directly to Light's undignified demise.

I think everyone read or watched it again at least twice.  I've lost count of forum posts with each new fandom victim meandering to say, 'Erm, sorry, but I don't quite get this.'

Thus follows the specific point where they tripped down yawning the plot-holes, now opening up like a minefield across the scene:   What did Mello do again?  How did Near know x, y, z?  Is he psychic or something?  And what the sweet proverbial was up with Mikami's bizarreness in behaviour generally and facial expressions definitely?

Everyone too busy worrying that they were the only one left confused to even touch upon the gore of that arterial blood-burst, so gloried in the anime as Mikami's dramatic turn at self-harm.

You know what I mean.  We've all been there.  Several detailed readings or stop-contemplate-start viewings on, some of us can even convince ourselves that the denunciation is sequential; all points supported with no great leaps of faith; and it all makes sense.  Otherwise we've sat though 37 episodes/108 chapters of story that doesn't deliver at the final crescendo of all that build-up.  Which can't be true, when the tale is widely deemed to be a - perhaps the - classic of the genre; wildly, unabashedly and unceasingly popular on a global scale.

So the doubt creeps in that it's us instead.  We weren't genius enough to fully 'get' it.  It's enough to pretend we did, then run with the points that were discerned and fitted perfectly in place.

The rest is simply fan-fiction.

Death Note Doesn't End at the Yellow Box

Shinigami Realm post-Kira Death Note
The problem is our natural propensity to think of Death Note as Light's story.  It's not.  It's Ryuk's.  (Though Tarot Mikami is coming up shortly with an intriguing perspective on the manga also being Matsuda's tale.)    Nevertheless when the epic build up breaks upon Kira's death, and subsequent dissembling into nothingness, it can seem like we went with him.

What follows is way too often dismissed as superlative; an epilogue to bring us all back down to Earth. While mischievously inserting doubt over whether Light really lost, when Kira worshippers still ritually congregate and believe.

But this, not Kira's Curtain, was what it was all leading up to.  Tsugumi Ohba himself said, in How to Read - Death Note 13, that the vision of these scenes in Finis were what caused the spark of inspiration to flow through the rest of the Death Note narrative.  All else he wrote was working back from this, no tacked on arcs post-L, nor leaping into the grave with Light.  For all their game-changing grandeur, they were ultimately merely markers upon the narrative, pointing beyond themselves to now.

Pinging upon the sacred number of Defilements in Buddhism, Finis is chapter 108.  It always would be.  Ohba decided that one early on, and left the one-shot manga to follow unnumbered so not to alter the fact that Death Note has exactly 108 chapters.  You can count them on your Mala Beads, if you want.

So what great facet is revealed to us here?   That Light found divinity in the end?   That the world without him simply returns to previous form:  crime rate rising to pre-Kira levels; all else flowing back as if the last seven years had been erased, with even the same people in the streets, older, yet doing exactly the same things.

Light's endeavours, and even erstwhile existence, rendered meaningless in minute, subtle ways.  Like the return of Yamamoto, last seen in cameo within the earliest Death Note chapters as Light Yagami's friend; now greeting Matsuda as his BFF, and off they go to the pub.  Light's own mother never learning the truth of his loss.  Told lies to cover up the reality as seen and shaped by her son.  His place in the world, philosophy, perspective and pursuits all rendered Mu as his Kira ridden soul.  All else come full circle and moved on like he was never there.

Nor is this the point of Finis.  It just the fine detail in the background driving certain messages home; if we're charitable a coda of candles in the wind.
Kira worshippers torch procession

Matsuda's Theory is Not a Coda; It's the Final Piece in the Jigsaw Puzzle

Matsuda's theory Death Note
It's in the foreground that the big reveal is happening, hidden in plain sight through the chattering of a 'Fool' and already dismissed by Ide before we even make the mountain top.

Most readers agreeing, because we're too distracted by Light and all the lovely Easter eggs waving from the scenery.  Plus we already feel like idiots for not quite 'getting' the Near exposee of Light in the Yellow Box Warehouse, and we're damned if we're going to be drawn into another long explanation posited by a traumatized idiot.

Matsuda's always been so easy to dismiss.  Particularly now, when we recently saw his gullibility writ large upon that shattering previous scene. His shock in the great Kira reveal caused such a meltdown that he's probably suffering PTSD or  something now.  Racked with guilt over Soichiro and so many dead; still obviously wrestling with the shock of knowing a third of his life was lived as a lie; his loyalty disabused in the most belittling, gut-wrenching way.

We don't need the ghost of L to whisper, 'Shut up, Matsuda! You idiot!'  Because we're hardly listening anyway.  It's just background noise finally shut down by Ide, tacitly approved by all lost in mourning for our mass murdering megalomaniac and his warped sense of justice.

Now echoed by Ide himself, as he decrees Kira's crimes terrible enough to warrant his summary execution - with an illegally wielded firearm (Matsuda was technically off-duty) and a Death God's intervention, in an out of the way warehouse, without charge, nor trial, judge and jury, and no right of appeal before instant death.  Based upon evidence constructed from a self-confessed SPK sting, plus Near sounding so sure as he blithely divulged bits of the known coupled with conjecture, like it was the only way things could have played out.

His speech, on behalf of the prosecution in this kangaroo court condemnation of Kira, seemed utterly watertight.  Yet Near was still able to reorder his version of events, to encompass the implications of Mello's intent in Takada's abduction, as Hal Lidner testified her impression of the same rather late in the day.  It was an interpretation which cast a different hue upon the timeline, but delivered in confidence nontheless and received likewise from all who heard.  Just as they'd accepted the prior telling too.

Maybe because they, like those bearing witness from our ringside seats in the fourth wall, couldn't truly follow it at the time.

But Near is a genius, so it must be true; and who cares why or how a Mafia man died? While Matt only turned up twelve panels ago, if he'd lived he probably wouldn't have amounted to much.  We hardly knew him, so let him go - collateral damage in a war against a man too rotten to live in this world of safety and security, and justice.

Around this time in proceedings, it's normally behoven for babes or Fools to call out to say that the Emperor wears no clothes; or that in this Orwellian warehouse scenario it's getting difficult to call the pigs from the humans, humans from the pigs, nor tell the rationale of Kira from those arrayed extra-judicially against him.

Unfortunately the Fool Matsuda was in meltdown at the time, being dragged away by his friends; while the only child present was made judge and chief prosecutor at the same time.  Needless to say, he won the day.  Then watched Light Yagami die as a result; howling, without advocacy, nor anyone to ask whether Light was even sane enough at this point to understand what was happening to him. Or take the opportunity to arrest Kira, hold him safe, and learn what he knew about the Afterlife and eternity, and all those other things that philosophers, priests and ordinary people have pondered to distraction over every millennia of human sentience.

Instead all watched too, accepting the sense of prevailing 'rightness' in the air around Near.  Who watched Kira die and kept the Death Notes.

Which was the actual point of the Yellow Box confrontation - to knock out the opposition and clear the decks ready to quietly seize power, when no-one else was looking.   At least it is, if we're running with the gut instinct of Matsuda and some really quite compelling end game theories for Near in Death Note.

No Black and White in Light and Near - Matsuda Muses Upon Morality Post-Kira

One year to the day after the death of Light Yagami, Touta Matsuda still isn't convinced that they were on the right 'side' in the end.  He watches society sink back from fear of Kira into a resurgence of the usual mix of humanity for good or ill living as they will. With the inevitable wave of criminal behaviour surfing in ever higher numbers in their midst, Matsuda's depression deepens.

For those not actually targeted by Kira, these streets had been safer under his horrific regime.

It's an unsettling notion that maybe, after all, they did crucify their Saviour.  Yet sharing his concerns with Ide elicits a most telling reply:
Death Note Matsuda and Ide - For What We Were Fighting
Kira was wrong.  Because that's what they DECIDED by consensus was the case.   Kira has to be wrong, or else there was no purpose attached to the sacrifice of those serving on the anti-Kira Task Force, nor who lost their lives in other parties in his opposition.  

Condemn Light Yagami's worldview, and his prospective Godhood with it, and survivors like Matsuda, Ide, Aizawa, Mogi and Near with his group all become war heroes.  Able to feel pride in their past endeavours and self-respect for themselves.  Their fallen - Soichiro, Ukita, L, Watari, Raye Penbar, Mello, Matt et al - become martyrs in a noble cause.  The Glorious Dead of cenotaphs, remembered with honour and distinction.

Support Kira in memory and all that fails.  Each become betrayers, of a friend and comrade, perhaps of a Messiah.  Maybe even the destroyers of humanity itself; thieves of a genuine Utopian dream.

It was decided Kira was not right, because otherwise they wouldn't be able to grasp what they were fighting for in that bitter, seven year war.  And madness beckons that way.
There's another point unsettling Matsuda, prickling at his conscience - just because they all decided (at the time and since) to stand against Light Yagami, why should that make them automatically pro-Near?

It's like there's only two sides about which to align oneself, and if one is demonstrably evil/insane/wrong, then the other by default is good/reasonable/right.

The entire Task Force appears to view Near as L's true successor, completely, absolutely and with all due trust.  Their resources are placed at the Wammy boy's command.

Yet to Matsuda's mind, Near never earned that.  Moreover, there are a string of worrisome - potentially catastrophic - concerns which were never fully answered.  They could well be swapping one egotistical and manipulative serial killer for another; making the same mistakes all over again.  Unfortunately no-one appears ready nor willing to hear him out.
Death Note Matsuda doesn't wanna work with L (Near)

Does Tota Matsuda's Theory Reveal Death Note Truths as its Grand Manga Finale?

For all that its generally ignored, or blatantly rejected within the panels of the Death Note manga, Matsuda's theory isn't that off the wall. It's nestling comfortably in the realms of actual possibility.

Whilst recalling that this was the chapter planned from the start - following  one that was almost called Black Curtain (a Japanese euphemism for someone orchestrating events behind the scenes) - and that Tsugumi Ohba blatantly said that 'Near cheats', let's recap.  These were the points of plot that Touta Matsuda was pondering:

Near Played Mello like a Puppet

Before indulging in speculation about this part of Matsuda's Theory re Mello, please read what Death Note News reader Dominic Miller has to comment below.  He has effectively disproved its veracity, as Near didn't have Mikami's notebook in time for this sequence of events to be feasible.
Death Note Matsuda's Theory that Near Puppeteered Mello into death
Death Note Mello bowed in manga
  • Was Near conveying misinformation to Mello via Hal Lidner, psychologically edging his foster brother into acting just as Near willed.  A pawn in his game after all.

Alternatively, as alumni of the same orphanage, Near might be expected to know Mello's real name, while also having a good mental picture of his face.  Mello's move certainly benefited Near, while obviously having dire consequences for Mello himself.  

  • Did Near write the name of his Wammy rival into the notebook captured from Mikami?

Thus eliminating a challenger to his own glory right on the eve of Near's win over Kira, whilst also taking out the dangerous Takada, setting up Mikami, providing evidence that Light is Kira to throw into play AND testing possible conjecture of Near's own in the validity of his real/fake Death Note. 

Five strikes in one foul swoop, if this one was true and Near really did manipulate Mello into his own martyrdom.  (With an option on Matt too. Near had the means and that eliminated the next in line after Mello, once the second's heart was broken and finally, decisively he could be burned out of this deadly game of L's Succession.)

If Mello's abduction of Takada was orchestrated by Near via a Death Note, it would explain some of the more bizarre aspects and imagery surrounding Mello at this time.

For a start, the moment of possession would have come when Hal and Mello spoke on the line. She passes on Near's specific message, "Soon he'll bring things to a conclusion directly."  And Mello answers, "He's going to make him write our names in the notebook directly."  Just as Hal said, he knew.

The blond Wammy teen sits on a darkened throne, forearms draped across his thighs and hands dangling; head bowed listlessly beneath a cascading curtain of hair.  Like a puppet awaiting his strings to be pulled; on a floor decked as a chessboard; surrounded by mannequins, aping the debris from a battle-field; and a white dust-cover behind him draped as an awaiting winding sheet or shroud.

If Mello's actions from now on are controlled by his puppet-master Near, then it accounts for his uncharacteristic lapse in judgement in the back of the truck.  When Takada - known to use the Death Note and likely to have a snippet of it upon her person - is allowed to retain her underwear, and is even afforded a blanket for the sake of decency.

All the privacy she needed to extract the weapon to kill Mihael Keehl on Near's behalf.  Just as planned.

Near Controlled and Killed Mikami

  • Near was in possession of Teru Mikami's name, facial image and a Death Note prior to the meeting in the Yellow Box warehouse.  Did he write Mikami's name in there, directing the lawyer's actions in the days leading up to, during and after their denunciation of Kira?

  • Mikami died mysteriously in prison ten days after the Yellow Box confrontation.  His passing went without remark by those who should have been asking questions concerning its convenience in tying up loose ends for all on the Kira case.  Did Near kill Mikami by writing the fatality into a Death Note?
I'm not going to tackle this key aspect of Matsuda's theory about Near in the Death Note ending, because quite frankly Casuistor and Teruzuki have already done and completely owned that.  Convinced me anyway.

Read their take on the matter over on Tumblr:

                 Matsuda’s Theory about Near’s Victory

Matsuda's Death Note theory - Near controlled Mikami

Death Note Near burning shinigami notebooks
Death Note worst homicide weapon in history

All ur Death Notes Belong 2 Near

  • Why was Near sole allowed custody of all shinigami notebooks remaining in the human world?

Near stated that Ryuk confirmed two false rules, with one of them being the burning of a Death God's notebook will causally kill its destroyer.  Near then burned all of his accumulated Death Notes, in order to keep them from being used by any future Kira pretender.

However, no-one else was present for that conversation with the shinigami. Though they all heard it heralded in discussion within the Yellow Box Warehouse. 

  • Moreover, nor did anyone witness Near's Bonfire of the Death Notes.  Therefore how can anyone be so sure that he hasn't got them still?

If Near possesses just one Death God's notebook, then he's currently an extremely powerful force to be reckoned with upon the world stage.  He's had ample opportunity to assess its possibilities and to know its limitations.  He's had Light, Misa, Mikami, Mello and a host of others test it out for him.

He has already used it to control the actions of others, supposing that Matsuda's theory is correct; and has killed several times for personal gain and achievement by cheating.

Nobody knows that he has it.  He's not orchestrating a crusade as Light attempted to do.  He's just got access to a remarkable level of personal power and influence, the eternal company of a Death God to discuss what's previously not been met in his philosophy. 

Near's under the radar because nobody thought to check that he really did incinerate those books.  A strange oversight to be made by police officers entrenched for years on this case.

Why is Near Staging a Reunion on the First Anniversary of Kira's Death?

  • Now, on the anniversary of that traumatic confrontation with Kira, why is Near:
  1. chasing a drugs cartel into the very same location;
  2. preparing to confront them actually in the Yellow Box Warehouse;
  3. and calling upon those there last time to join him in situ once again?

Ide initially sees nothing strange in this.  Aizawa agreed to send the staff.  No immediate word from Mogi, though the assumption is compliance.

Only Matsuda wonders what game the Wammy boy is playing now.  Though in this, at least, he does appear to persuade Ide that something strange is going on - a connection to what went before; what was previously arranged.
Death Note's Near assembles a Yellow Box reunion on Kira's Death Anniversary
However, we never do find out.  Matsuda manages to convince Ide to at least intimidate some parts of his theory have been heard, and taken seriously.  For a moment, the older man steps into Touta Matsuda's reality and that kind of affirmation was all the young officer needed for comfort in his unsolvable, unsettling theorizing.

A touch of grace and we see the old Fool back.  Matsuda grinning with a friend, too busy chatting, making plans to visit a bar tonight, to properly hear a word Near has to say anymore.  The final word in Death Note - before the ritual coda of Kira cultists - is Near's admonishment to Matsuda, "Listen carefully!"
Last panel in Death Note
Maybe because Near knows that he might need Matsuda one day to stop him too, if only the Fool would pay attention.   But for now he's distracted, laughing and moved on, Near got away with killing for personal gain.  But surely that's understandable?  Just ask Kira.

Posted as Part of

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Light is NOT a Sociopath - Excerpt from a Psychology Essay by Serria

29/2/2016

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Death Note's Light Yagami
Reproduced with permission from an essay originally, and fully, published at DEATH NOTES: an online source for Death Note Analysis and Discussion
(links at the end)

by Serria


Disclaimer: This is a fan essay, only for fun on my part with the hope of generating discussion. I'm well-aware that characters in any form of media are always open for interpretation, and this is just mine.

Light Yagami certainly has a reputation among the fandom, and that reputation isn't founded for pointlessly. The justice-toting boy-genius murdered thousands of people, most of which without so much as batting an eye. And he doesn't regret a single one.

On the contrary, he probably views each as a job well done. It isn't just the killing, either. Light claims each victim with boyish enthusiasm and possesses a childish demeanour that leads him to be competitive to the point of taunting the condemned with a sinister smile and dancing on their grave (literally, if he gets worked up enough). Yes, that's the Light Yagami we know, our unforgettable protagonist of Death Note.

Light is a killer. Light has no disturbed childhood to blame. Light voluntarily kills and once he found the Death Note, probably wouldn't be happy doing anything else. On those facts alone, we could infer any number of similar conclusions. I've heard Light called, by the morally concerned, disturbed. The face of evil. Hopelessly insane. And, most common of all, sociopath. The label insinuates a total lack of everything we call humanity. The inability to feel guilt for any wrongdoing, and thus, a total lack of conscience. If we chose to conclude that, then Light Yagami isn't normal, he isn't like you or me.

But the aforementioned facts are not all there is to Light Yagami, and it's a slam to the complexity - and, I emphatically insist, realism - of his character to assume as such merely because he kills. 'Killer' and 'sociopath' are not interchangeable words. The nature of the killing has to be taken into consideration. As far as the victim is concerned, murder is murder is murder, but not as far as the perpetrator is. The immediate fact of the matter is that sociopaths are, as a rule, self-focused and unable to empathize with the world or the people around him. This contradicts the very nature of Kira's legacy. Certainly there's the fact that Light was a bored, under-challenged genius in a society where he functioned solely on outward appearances and achievements, and certainly there's no doubt that a part of Light was perhaps waiting for the opportunity to test himself. But I honestly cannot conceive how this in any way discounts the fact that the reason Light took the opportunity he did was out of his zealous sense of idealism.

We know for a fact that Light has a societal conscience, beyond mere conditioning (if that were the case, Light wouldn't possess even half the passion that he does). The first chapter/first episode of the series is exclusively about Light's convictions. First, the shock at perhaps having actually taken a person's life, and then the total horror when he's tested it again and realized that he's killed people and yes, it's his fault. The anxiety he feels, that he's capable of feeling, does inexcusably deny him from the title of sociopath. Light is so disturbed by his actions that he can't eat, can't sleep, loses ten pounds in the first week and looks as though he's about to throw up. And finally, the resolution: doing this could make the world a better place. "Even if I sacrifice my mind and soul," Light states (even predicts). "The world is rotting. Someone has to do it." Light even acts initially under the impression that a Shinigami is going to come take his soul as soon as he's found, and when Ryuk arrives he's surprised that he's not going to be punished. Agree with his methods or not, it wouldn't be wrong to call Light's ambition selfless, wanting to "protect the weak" and "make a perfect world" without, as far as the text writes, asking in return for anything conventional such as money, sex, or political power (which also separates him from being a dictator, by definition).

Some argue the sincerity of Light's resolve as being only an excuse to jump at the chance to ease his boredom. I don't personally think that's fair, but nonetheless, the very fact that Light experiences such vivid anxiety before impulsively engaging in such risky behavior already excludes him from the title.

Now to get technical. "Sociopath" isn't a medical term, and though it has general uses it's not a proper diagnosis. When talking about sociopaths/psychopaths in the psychology field, most often we're talking about Antisocial Personality Disorder. The brief definition as listed in the DSM-IV is "The essential feature for the diagnosis is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood." Sure, that's pretty vague and by that sentence alone, I'd agree without a doubt that Light is quick to violate the human rights of others, in particular the right to life (but let it be stated that the same can be said of L, Near and Mello). But the criteria goes beyong that. First, we can't quite call Light an APD at the beginning of the series - one has to be an adult aged at least 18. Furthermore, APDs ought to have a history of conduct disorder (breaking the law, inappropriate actions, truancy, running away from home, etc) since before the age of 15. I think it's safe to say that the Yagami's golden boy who so emphatically values the law hasn't even come close. Also, APDs are known for drug and alcohol abuse, which again, does not apply...

To read more, please visit DEATH NOTES and Serria's original posting of her Kira essay: Light is NOT a Sociopath.

DEATH NOTES is an invaluable resource for those who like a bit of academia in their reading of the Death Note manga.  Largely inactive now,  its archives nevertheless contain a rich bounty of timeless essays written during the period when Death Note was first coming to the attention of international audiences and readers.  The site's essayists emanate from varying disciplines within the academe, with less formal - sometimes downright flippant - pieces interspersed for flavour.

The excerpt above was republished here with permission from DEATH NOTES' editor Jennifer Fu.

Posted as part of

Month of Kira
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What If Light Yagami Wasn't Japanese? What Would Death Note Look Like Then?

22/2/2016

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Would Kira have been Kira if he wasn't Japanese?  What if he'd been Welsh? Or Somali? From Uzbekistan or France?  Would an American Light Yagami have targeted criminals with such gusto? Would a Tibetan Kira's motivation have been the same?

Death Note is a Japanese story, whatever its global appeal, and much of what occurs within it is infused with Japanese culture, morality and mores. Certain stances of etiquette, expectation and projected outcomes could only have happened in Japan.

Would an Icelandic parent have stood by and let their home and family be subject to such surveillance? Could a Briton have been persuaded to volunteer themselves for torturous weeks of detention without charge? And would the perpetrators have been allowed to get away with it, if their victim actually agreed?  My cynical self says yes. But that's by the by.
Death Notes dropping globally

The Death Note really could have fallen anywhere in the world
It's wrong to generalize based on national stereotypes, but intriguing to surmise the outcome had the Death Note fallen anywhere else in the world. Or how much Light Yagami's inherent Japaneseness affected the manner in which it was used; the motivation, thought processes and justifications that he passed through along the way; and the profile of those he killed, however vague their points of commonality may be.

What if the shinigami's notebook of death had landed in Syria?  Would war crimes have factored much sooner in the programme than it occurred to Light to do so?  Would Mexicans have taken on drug barons? Or those in the Niger Delta started on the profit-ridden oil polluters of fresh water -  environmental evils trumping thuggish anti-social behaviour in the street?  Callous corporations and white collar criminality could well come first in many an Industrialised, Capitalist nation.  While localised gangs and small-time, blue collar crime would occupy erstwhile Kiras from other lands.

How about your own?   If the Death Note had dropped into your neighbourhood, how might Kira look then?  And would (s)he act anything like Light Yagami? 

The discussion is open.

Posted as part of

Death Note News Kira Month
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Is Kira a Serial Killer?  Defining Death Note's Light Yagami as a Murderer

18/2/2016

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It might sound obvious to conclude that Death Note's Light Yagami is a serial killer, but the definition of such might not so easily collude.

However there are also sub-categories of serial killer which may fit more precisely.  Not to mention other classifications of murderer, which approach the sheer scale of slaughter committed by Light Yagami through his Death Note and might even address it.

Near denounced Kira as 'just a murderer'.  Fine.  But would the FBI concur?  Or might a more distinct label apply in its casebook?  Time to find out if, as most readily assume, the designation serial killer actually does check out when held up against Light.

What is a Serial Killer?

According to Segen's Medical Dictionary (2012), a serial killer is usually - but not exclusively - an individual who:
  1. kills three or more people;
  2. over a period of thirty days plus;
  3. with an inactive (or cooling off) period between each murder;
  4. and whose motivation for killing is largely based on psychological gratification.

The FBI's Behavorial Science Unit (BSU) identifies a proto-typical serial killer (in the US) as:
  1. Caucasian;
  2. Around thirty years old;
  3. Male;
  4. Lower to middle class;
  5. Sociopathic.

That latter grouping is easily dispensed with.  So let's quickly get it out of the way first.

Is Light Yagami a Serial Killer?

Comparing the Typical Attributes of a Serial Killer to Light Yagami

There's an issue with the data concerning serial killer attributes.  Unlike much of the other information provided by the BSU, this chart doesn't cover international cases. Its criteria solely relates to US citizens.  (Read the PDF.) Nevertheless, we'll give it a go.
Near: 'Just a murderer' Kira - Death Note manga panel
Since the late 18th century - when racial science first reared its ugly head - there have been a dozen or more definitions of the Caucasian taxon, and which ethnicities it covers.  But as our goal is to assess the tag 'serial killer', the only one which matters here is what the FBI meant by Caucasian, when the Bureau made it a point of serial killing criterion.

Ethnologically Japanese, Light Yagami dodges a bullet in the FBI's definition of Caucasian - or 'white' as its literature elsewhere puts it - encompassing those races natively derived from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.  Kira doesn't count.

However, the notion that most serial killers are Caucasian is subject to fierce debate.  Even the FBI's own statistics show Caucasians account for only just over half - 52.1% - of serial killers. The prevailing argument amongst academics is that such murderers, who otherwise fit the profile, may be found throughout all racial classifications. But non-Caucasian serial killers are unlikely to be the focus of blanket media coverage; much less central to several books, biographies, dramatized TV documentaries and finally a major motion picture release. In fact, most are lucky if they're even tagged 'serial killer' by the under-reporting press.

The rule of thumb seeming to be that, in the media, Caucasians may be serial killers, but non-Caucasians are always 'just a murderer'.  It's less glamorous.

In short, Light Yagami may be a serial killer - albeit unlikely, as Asians made up just 0.7% of those profiled - but the US press is unlikely to bother with him. Ordinarily anyway.  As Kira, he made quite a splash in the world's media. But by the time he got there, Light was deemed Saviour and Messiah, rather than any negative type of mass murderer.
Light Yagami learning about his Death Note (anime)

Light Yagami contemplates his options for mass murder by Shinigami notebook
Less open to question are the next two items.  Serial killers tend to be aged late twenties to early thirties, and 92.3% of them were male.  When he first used the Death Note, Light was seventeen.  By the time he was forcibly made to finish killing, he was twenty-four.  Atypical then.  Nevertheless, he was indeed male.

Without knowing much about Japanese social hierarchies in comparison to what 'lower to middle class' might mean in American society, it's difficult to call the next criterion.  Would anyone else like to jump in here?  While the final one - was Kira Sociopathic? - is well beyond the scope of this analysis.  Hopefully it will be addressed in another article at a later date.

As for the rest of the data, eighty-eight of the serial killers profiled by the FBI came from Japan.  We can only assume that once of them was Light Yagami, while the other 87 were despatched by him via his Death Note by and by.  Unless, of course, we conclude that Kira wasn't a serial killer.  In which case, the latter figure leaps by one and all unanimously become victims of Kira's regime.

This section of classification seemed doomed to be unhelpful from the start.  Nor did it disappoint in that.  To my mind, the result remains inconclusive in assessment of Death Note's protagonist and his murderous tendencies, though more discussion may pay dividends as regards the last two points.

Nevertheless, we can trust the BSU's serial killer demographics to be internationally pertinent from now on, thus relevant in examining Light Yagami.
Light Yagami victims in the Death Note anime
Anime Death Note Light Yagami's murders in five days
Criteria of a Serial Killer in Relation to Kira

By writing the names of his victims into a shinigami's Death Note, Kira certainly kills more than three people over the course of much longer than thirty days.  He has access to at least one notebook of death from 2003-2010, a period of seven years.

Within hours of picking up that initial notebook, Light Yagami has written his first victim's name inside the covers.

By the time he's dealing with Ryuk's sudden visibility - five days later - Light has filled whole pages of his Death Note with neatly written rows. Four abreast, each name denotes another slaughter; creating columns stretching down over 40-50 lines.

At the most conservative estimate, a single page holds around 160 murder victims - revealing their identities, as well as representing the mode of their demise.

We will never know precisely how many individuals were killed by Kira, but we can be very sure that it was more than three.

Moreover the time-scale stretches out over that entire seven year period. One of Light's very last acts was the attempted murder of Near.  Just two days previously, he'd also written Kiyomi Takada's name onto a scrap of paper ripped from his Death Note.

His killing never stopped.
But to qualify as a serial killer, Kira needs to have incorporated cooling off periods between his killing sprees.  There is one very notable time of inactivity, when he was held under L's detention in a prison cell. However, that counts more as enforced abstinence from slaughter. Though voluntarily there, Light felt the caged, 24/7 surveillance to be fundamental to his own survival and continuance as Kira.  It was inactivity to ensure future activity.  That was all.

Was there any other occasion when Light Yagami paused his usage of the Death Note?  Without first setting up a series of secondary Kiras to do his killing by proxy?  I'm struggling to identify one.  Misa Amane; the Yotsuba Group; Teru Mikami; and Kiyomi Takada; all assisted in maintaining those relentless murders reaching across the globe, at Light's direct or indirect instigation, throughout the entirety of that seven year reign of terror.

It's difficult to see where any cooling off breaks occurred in their midst, let alone those regular enough for Kira to be considered a serial killer.

That would appear to be that. Kira cannot be a serial killer, if he doesn't fit all of the criteria.  However, he isn't the first to fail at this part of the classification. It's occurred in reality too - notably with Andrew Cunanan - leading criminal justice historian Peter Vronsky to suggest a hybrid tag of 'spree serial killer' or 'serial rampage killer' could be usefully employed.

And look how he describes this sub-section of serial killing:
There are serial killers who live only one identity - that of killer. They seem to have no cooling-off period; they do not return to a normal routine, but remain focused on evading capture and perpetuating their compulsion to kill.
Peter Vronsky, Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters (2004), p 223

Over the next pages, he goes on to say how spree serial killers suffer some kind of nervous breakdown which traps them in this predatory persona. They cannot stop, hence the lack of a cooling off period.  Nor can they retreat - 'they can never return back to their previous lives' (p 224) - they become the serial killer in all regards but inactivity.  They become it 24/7.

I think Kira fits the bill right there, completely.  Death Note's spree serial killer.

Finally, there's the fourth criterion - did Light Yagami kill for psychological gratification?  By which is meant that the motive wasn't material nor honour based (such as robbery, profit, revenge etc), but something much more internally self-fulfilling. 

Why Did Light Yagami Kill in Death Note?

Masataka Kubota as Kira in Death Note TV drama 2015
A serial killer's motive for murder is typically slotted into four categories, subject to considerable over-lap.  Two of which are instantly game over, when we apply them to Death Note to see if psychological gratification was a motive in Kira's compulsion to kill.  In order from least relevance, they are:

The Power Controller

Doing it all to feel powerful; subjugating their victims in any way possible, just to have that rush of absolute domination.  Light touched here when he had prisoners across the world do strange things before their deaths.  But that wasn't really about power and control. It was merely testing his Death Note's capabilities.

The Hedonist

Thrill-seeking; pleasure pandering; killing because they can, and people are expendable.  Forensic psychologists further split this group into three sub-sections:  comfort, thrill and lust. Comfort hedonists are the closest serial killers get to robbery-based murders.  It's all about getting hold of the material possessions of their victims, or eliminating an obstacle to personal power.  Thrill hedonist serial killers want the adrenaline rush of causing terror and pain, whilst exerting absolute control over their victims.  Lust hedonists are your Jack the Ripper types, getting their kicks from mutilation, torture, dominance et al, but mostly what's implied on the label.

Light Yagami wasn't beyond this category.  His elimination of Lind L. Taylor, twelve FBI agents and Naomi Misora established that within the opening chapters of Death Note.  But it wasn't his main raison d'être.
The Visionary

This serial killer is on a mission from God, or the Devil, or any other supernatural and/or divine entity.  They haven't merely an urge to kill, but a mandate to do it.  A duty; responsibility; instructions from something beyond speaking solely to them.

Or else they are the Devil.  Possessed and given the right to murder all in their vision, as per ancient entitlement.

Or else they are God of this new world.

Then nothing must be countenanced to stand in their way.  They have deified judgement to be exerted as mercy, punishment or whim.

A rationale punctuated with psychotic episodes divorced from reality.
Anime Death Note Light Yagami - the god of this new world

The Visionary Light Yagami was a simple schoolboy less than a week ago,
now he's a serial killer and God
The Mission Orientated Saviours of Society

The world is rotten and the only way to save it from itself is to commit murder over and over again.  Weeding out undesirables that society might heal itself and civilisation thrive.

Kill the baddies, so that decent people feel safe to walk the streets without finding themselves beset by murderers, assailants and thieves.  Cleanse humanity by sending those deemed sub-human to their deaths.

Improve the world; make it a Utopia without evil.
Death Note Kira sets out his mission: 'Change this world into a Utopia without evil'.

Mission orientated Light Yagami had psychologically
gratifying motives for serial killing

Strangely these serial killers aren't generally psychotic (unless they have Visionary episodes). They genuinely believe their actions are just, and may even agree that the slaughter is unsavoury.  It's a means to an end, that's all.

They have the strength to see their mission to conclusion; mentally prepared to kill everyone on the planet to save it from itself.

I think it goes without saying that we have a winner there.  Two in fact, with an option on a third, though overlapping between categories of psychological gratification is usual in the motivation of serial killers.
Serial killer Kira on a mission in Death Note

BSU Serial Killer Background Check and Light Yagami's Life History

In the USA, the BSU studied life histories of known serial killers. Though researchers warned that serial killers could very easily hold down steady jobs, raise families and otherwise seem like fine upstanding members of society, some less savoury factors commonly and frequently arose.

In all likelihood, the background information in a serial killer's profile will include elements from this list:
  1. Alcoholism;
  2. Animal cruelty;
  3. Arsonist/Pyromaniac;
  4. Biochemical/genetic abnormalities;
  5. Bullied in childhood or adolescence by their peers;
  6. Childhood abuse victim;
  7. Compulsive behaviour;
  8. Drug abuse;
  9. Drug addicted or alcoholic parents;
  10. Engaged in petty crimes (like shoplifting or vandalism) for the thrill or because they could, rather than any material need nor as action under peer pressure;
  11. Isolated socially as children or adolescents;
  12. Low self-esteem;
  13. Pathological lying;
  14. Perinatal head injury;
  15. Powerlessness in the face of their own urges to kill/unable to prevent or stop actually killing;
  16. Propensity to retreat into habitual daydreams or a rich fantasy world, as an escape from reality;
  17. Ritualistic behaviour;
  18. Severe memory disorders;
  19. Sexual assault - perpetrator and/or victim in the past;
  20. Sexual deviancy;
  21. Suicidal thoughts/attempts at suicide;
  22. Unhappy childhood, or periods of profoundly interrupted happiness in childhood;
  23. Unstable family life during childhood - broken home; divorced parents; separation from family; or some other breach in the parent/child relationship - commonly seen.  Some studies suggest it's all about an absent father and domineering mother.

So how does the profile of a standard serial killer compare to Kira?  I have my thoughts, but I'll leave this one open to discussion.  Comment if you recognize anything from Light Yagami's past in there; or if you see nothing to fit him there at all.  Let's hash it out between us.

But for now, I think it's fairly determined that Kira IS a serial killer, only he's one of the emerging sub-section suggested by Peter Vronsky labelled 'serial rampage killer'.  Do you concur?

Posted as part of

Death Note News Month of Light Yagami
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